Logsdon School of Theology
Hardin-Simmons University
Fall 1999

**This bibliography is partially annotated. As research continues, annotations will be added. I have attempted merely to describe the content of the books annotated rather than evaluate that content.

Bach, Alice, ed. The Pleasure of Her Text: Feminist Readings of Biblical and Historical Texts. Philadelphia: Trinity Press International, 1990.

Bach, Alice and J. Cheryl Exum. Miriam's Well. New York: Delacorte Press, 1991.

Bakan, David. And They Took for Themselves Wives. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1979.

Bal, Mieke. Lethal Love: Feminist Literary Readings of Biblical Love Stories. Bloomington, IN: Indiana Univ. Press, 1987.

Baldwin, George C. Representative Women: From Eve the Wife of the First, to Mary the Mother of the Second Adam. Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society, 1855.

Basserman, L. The Oldest Profession: A History of Prostitution. Translated by J. Clengh. New York: Stein & Day, 1968.

Batto, Bernard F. Studies on Women at Mari. John Hopkins Univ. Press, 1974.

Boer, P. A. J., ed. Fatherhood and Motherhood in Israelite and Judean Piety. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1974.

Brenner, Athalya. The Israelite Woman: Social Role and Literary Type in Biblical Narrative. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1985. reprint 1994 144 pp. ISBN 0-905774-83-3.

This book is divided into two parts. Part One ("Women, Professions and Social Institutions") deals with the social roles women played in Israelite society that are atypical, such as queens; wise women; women poets and authors; prophetesses; magicians, sorcerers and witches; and female prostitution. Part Two ("Literary Paradigms of Female Types and Behavior") deals with the typical literary roles played by women in the Bible: mothers of great men (the hero's mother), the two sides of the temptress (positive and negative); foreign women; and the ancestress (Eve). Brenner's study addresses two major questions: "i. Can we define, on the basis of Biblical literature, women's position on the socio-political sphere beyond their traditional domestic function? . . . ii. Can we trace the development of stereotypes and paradigms which are used, again and again, for the description of women, to the extent that many individual portrayals contain strong elements of literary conventions or cliches?" (9). Brenner asserts that the characterizations of women will likely reflect the male viewpoint, but she does not assume that this viewpoint is necessarily hostile nor does she put a value judgment upon it. The book contains endnotes and bibliography.

Brooten, B. J. Women Leaders in the Ancient Synagogue. Chico: Scholars Press, 1982.

Brown, Theron. Nameless Women of the Bible. Boston: American Tract Society, 1905.

Burns, Rita. Has the Lord Indeed Spoken Only through Moses? A Study of the Biblical Portrait of Miriam. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1987.

Burrows, Millar. The Basis of Israelite Marriage. American Oriental Society, 1938.

Camp, Claudia V. Wisdom and the Feminine in the Book of Proverbs. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1985. 352 pp. ISBN 0-907459-43-9

An in-depth study of personified wisdom. Part One ("A Survey of Scholarly Literature on the Figure of Personified Wisdom in Proverbs") considers the various scholarly approaches to personified wisdom: history of religions approach which studied either content or form, the Israelite religious tradition approach which attempted to understand personified wisdom through Yahwistic theology. Part Two ("Female Imagery in the Bible and Its Relationship to Personified Wisdom") contains two chapters. The first considers female wisdom as a literary figure (metaphor) and concludes that this literary type developed from various social roles within the culture. The second chapter then considers these various female social roles and how they relate to personified wisdom. Part Three ("Context and Style in the Interpretation of personified Wisdom") deals with three issues, the literary and theological problems which the book of Proverbs as a whole poses, the use of Prov. 1-9 and 31 as a means of giving a new literary context for tying the entire book together, and the use of personification as a stylistic device. Part Four (Female Wisdom as a Religious Symbol in the Post-Exilic Period) discusses the context for the development of personified wisdom in post-exilic Israel.
The book contains endnotes, bibliography, and two indices: biblical references and authors.

Carmichael, C. M. Women, Law, and the Genesis Traditions. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press, 1979.

Carmody, Denise Lardner. Biblical Woman: Contemporary Reflections on Scriptural Texts. New York: Crossroad, 1988. 168 pp. ISBN 0-8245-0892-0

This book deals with texts both from the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament. Carmody's goal is "to illustrate various biblical perspectives on women by commenting on representative texts" (ix). The OT texts discussed in the book are: Gen. 2:23-24; Lev. 15-19; Deut. 24:1; Judg. 4:4; Ruth 1:16-17; 1 Sam. 1:15;2 Sam. 14:13-14; 1 Kings 19:1-2; Esther 4:15-16; Jer. 31:20; Prov. 9:1-2; Prov. 31:10. For each text, Carmody discusses the background and historical context, then she considers the relevance of the text for today. This is followed by discussion questions and endnotes.
The book includes an appendix of other passages not discussed and a brief bibliography of general works (biblical studies and women's liberation).

Chappell, Clovis G. Feminine Faces. Nashville & New York: Abingdon, 1942. 219 pp.

Devotional work which studies various women by retelling their stories and then suggesting various lessons to be learned from the accounts. OT women studied are Lot's Wife, Hagar, Rebekah, Miriam, Deborah, Delilah, Maidservant of Naaman's wife, Job's wife, the widow of Zarephath, and Esther.

Clines, David J. A. and Tamara C. Eskenazi, eds. Telling Queen Michal's Story: An Experiment in Comparative Interpretation. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1991. (listed as forthcoming, may be published by now)

Collins, Adela Yarbro, ed. Feminist Perspectives on Biblical Scholarship. Biblical Scholarship in North America. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1985. 144 pp. ISBN 0-89130-773-7

Cottrell, Jack. Gender Roles and the Bible: Creation, the Fall, and Redemption, A Critique of Feminist Biblical Interpretation. Joplin, MO: College Press, 1994. 319 pp. ISBN 0-89900-678-7

As the title suggests, this book offers a response to feminist interpretation. The author argues, for instance, against typical feminist interpretation of Gen. 1-2 and concludes that these chapters establish male headship over women (hierarchialism). For those interested in the debate regarding these issues, this book will provide a critique of the feminist perspective.

Darr, Katheryn Pfisterer. Far More Precious than Jewels: Perspectives on Biblical Women. Louisville: Westminster/ John Knox, 1991.

Deen, E. The Bible's Legacy for Womanhood. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1969.

________. Family Living in the Bible. New York, Evanston, and London: Harper & Row, 1963. 274 pp.

This is an expanded form of the author's masters thesis which summarizes the biblical teachings regarding family life. The author has compiled information about typical family life based on stories from the scripture. Although some parenthetical referencing is done, the book has more of a devotional feel than scholarly. It essentially summarizes the various biblical stories and texts which are relevant to family, but does not incorporate much scholarly research into dates, background, etc.
Has a brief selected bibliography and an index.

Dennis, Trevor. Sarah Laughed: Women's Voices in the Old Testament. Nashville: Abingdon, 1994. 197 pp. ISBN 0-687-01371-2

This book considers the stories of selected OT women from a literary perspective. Although the author admits he can never read the stories as a woman would, he does seek to view the stories from the female character's viewpoint, as much as possible. From this sympathetic viewpoint he discusses the following women (chapter titles): "Eve: A Woman Much Maligned"; "Sarah: A Woman Caught Up in God's Promises"; "Hagar: A Persecuted Madonna"; "Unsung Heroines: The Women of Exodus 1-4;" "Hannah: How the Feeble Gird on Strength!"; "Bathsheba: From Rape Victim to Queen Mother".
The book contains endnotes, an index of authors and an index of biblical characters.

Emswiler, S. The Ongoing Journey: Women and the Bible. New York: United Methodist Church Board, 1977.

Engelsman, J. The Feminine Dimension of the Divine. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1979.

Epstein, Louis M. Marriage Laws in the Bible and the Talmud. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1942.

Evans, Mary J. Woman in the Bible: An Overview of All the Crucial Passages on Women's Roles. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1983. 160 pp., ISBN 0-87784-978-1

Devoting only twenty pages to the Old Testament (as compared with about one hundred for the NT), Evans remains within her perimeters-- to do an overview of crucial passages. Though brief, Evans' summaries regarding the OT passages are helpful. She divides her discussion into Doctrine (a summary of the creation narratives, imagery used to describe God, freedom from oppression, corporate personality, the Song of Solomon); and Practice (women in society and the family, woman in the worship of the covenant community, woman in office). Evans acknowledges that the OT was written from a patriarchal perspective, nevertheless, she concludes that "Women were full members of the covenant community. They had a significant role to play in the life of the nation, not only in their role as mothers and in the home, but also as individuals, and they were not barred from leadership when the circumstances required it." (32). The book contains a bibliography (mostly NT works) and endnotes.

Ewart, A. The World's Wickedest Woman: Intriguing Studies of Eve and Evil through the Ages. New York: Taplinger, 1964.

Fewell, Danna Nolan. Gender, Power, and Promise the Subject of the Bible's First Story. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1993.

Fewell, Danna Nolan, and David Miller Gunn. Compromising Redemption: Relating Characters in the Book of Ruth. Literary Currents in Biblical Interpretation. Louisville: Westminster/ John Knox, 1990.

Fraine, J. ed. Women of the Old Testament. De Pere, WI: St. Norbert Abbey Press, 1968.

Galambush, Jule. Jerusalem in the Book of Ezekiel: The City as Yahweh's Wife. Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series 131. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1992.

Gerstenberger, E. S. and W. Schrage. Woman and Man. Translated by Douglas Stott. Nashville: Abingdon, 1981. 252 pp. ISBN 0-687-45920-6

A sociological exploration of the relationship between male and female in the Old and New Testament. Gerstenberger writes the section on the OT and Scrage the NT. Gerstenberger organizes his discussion under five headings. (1)The Unreconciled Duality--he describes the contemporary problem of gender and role and argues that the OT can inform the modern person on the issue, if only by describing how this duality was addressed in Bible times. However, he avers that the picture presented of male/female relationships in the OT is not prescriptive for today, but descriptive. (2) The Circle of Life--in this section Gerstenberger summarizes the biblical perspective on the various stages of life: childhood and youth; love, courtship, wedding; daily life in marriage (where he uses the examples of Abraham and Sarah, the Shunammite and her husband, and Moses and Zipporah); and divorce and death. (3) Sexual Roles--he deals with division of labor, superiority and subordination, the roles of mother and father, and political roles. (4) Relationships between the Sexes--he discusses being alone, partnership and the social and religious role of the family. (5) Sexuality and Religion--he explores sexuality and its relationship to the Hebrew God.
Endnotes, brief bibliography.

Goodwater, P. Women in Antiquity: An Annotated Bibliography. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1976.

Harrison, Eveleen. Little Known Women of the Bible. New York: Roundtable Press, 1939.

Herr, Ethel L. Chosen Women of the Bible. Chicago: Moody Press, 1976.

Hobbs, Lottie Beth. Daughters of Eve. Fort Worth: Harvest, 1963. 235 pp.

Devotional work which studies women of both testaments. For each woman, the author summarizes the account about the woman and looks for lessons to be learned from her life. At the end of each chapter she provides a fill-in-the-blank review of the women studied. OT women considered are Eve (whom she calls "Our Wayward Mother"), Sarah, Lot's Wife, Rebekah, Rachel and Leah, Miriam, Deborah, Delilah, Ruth, Naomi, Hannah, Abigail, Queen of Sheba, Jeroboam's Wife, Jezebel, Vashti, Esther, Mrs. Job.

Hogan, Linda. From Women's Experience to Feminist Theology. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1995. 129 pp. ISBN 1-85075-520-5

Horton, Robert F. Women of the Old Testament: Studies in Womanhood. New York: Thomas Wittaker, 1897. 291 pp.

A dated work, but scholarly for its time period. Discusses the following women (chapter titles): Eve: The Mother of Mankind; Sarah: The Mother of the Faithful; Rebekah: An Idyl; Rachel: The Beloved; Potiphar's Wife: The Woman as Temptress; The Daughter of Pharaoh: Benevolence; Rahab: Faith and Works; Ruth: The Alien; Deborah and Jael: Prophetess and Heroine; The Spiritualist Medium of Endor; Rizpah: A Tragedy; Michal: The Power of Scorn; Abigail: Fair and Wise; The Queen of Sheba: The Seeker after Truth; The Shulammite: The Faithful Bride; The Shunammite: Faith Triumphant; The Little captive Maid; Huldah: The Finding of the Law; The Wives of the Prophets; Esther: A Religious Romance.

Hurley, James B. Man and Woman in Biblical Perspective. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1981. 288 pp. ISBN 0-310-42731-2

Only the first fifty-seven pages deal with the OT. Admittedly a book written for the layperson, not the scholar, thus no footnoting. Comes from an Evangelical perspective. Major divisions: Women in Old Testament Times (studying the culture surrounding Israel in Babylon and Assyria); Women in Israelite Culture (studying mankind, family structures and marriage laws, women in social life, women in religious life). After the author's survey of OT passages, he concludes that the OT does not teach an intrinsic subordination of women but rather a situational one.

Janzen, Waldemar. Still in the Image: Essays in Biblical Theology and Anthropology. Newton, KS: Faith and Life Press, 1982.

Jewett, Paul K. Man as Male and Female. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1975.

Kates, Judith, ed. Reading Ruth: Contemporary Women Reclaim a Sacred Story. Ballantine Books, 1994.

LaCocque, Andre. The Feminine Unconventional: Four Subversive Figures in Israel's Tradition. Overtures to Biblical Theology. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1990.

Laffey, Alice L. An Introduction to the Old Testament: A Feminist Perspective. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1988. 243 pp. ISBN 0-8006-2078-X

This introduction to the OT is seen as a companion volume to the more traditional introductions. Thus, it should be read alongside a traditional introduction for a complete perspective. The major sections of the book follow typical introductions, organized by sections of the Bible: Pentateuch, Deuteronomistic History, Major and Minor Prophets, and Writings, with a final chapter: Conclusion: The Tasks of Feminist Interpretation. Laffey begins each major section with an introduction that deals with historical and literary considerations. Then she deals with themes within that section from a feminist perspective. For instance, important themes from a feminist perspective for the Pentateuch include patriarchy and hierarchy, language, women as men's possessions, etc. Next, she exegetes various texts from a feminist perspective. Finally, she concludes the section and offers recommended readings.
No notes. Recommended reading at the end of each section and at the end of the book. Indices of names and subjects, and biblical references.

Lang, Bernhard. Wisdom and the Book of Proverbs: An Israelite Goddess Redefined. New York: Pilgrim, 1986.

Leonard, H. Women in the Bible: A Bibliography. Durham, NC: Privately Printed, 1977.

Lieberman, Sarah R. The Eve Motif in Ancient Near Eastern and in Classical Greek Sources. Ann Arbor, MI: Univ. Microfilms, 1975.

Loewe, Raphael. The Position of Women in Judaism. London: SPCK, 1966.

MacDonald, Elizabeth Mary. The Position of Women as Reflected in Semitic Codes of Law. Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press, 1931.

Mace, David R. Hebrew Marriage: A Sociological Study. London: Epworth Press, 1953. 271 pp.

A classic work on the institution of marriage in the Israelite culture. Divided into two major parts historically. Part one considers the early Hebrew period and deals with background and societal issues. Part two addresses the Old Testament period and considers the issues of monogamy and polygamy, mating regulations, marriage customs and ceremonies, husband and wife, parents and children, the misuse of sex, and the dissolution of marriage (chapter titles).
Footnotes, indices of subjects and proper names.

McComisky, Thomas Edward. The Status of the Secondary Wife: Its Development in Ancient Near Eastern Law. Toronto: Univ. Press, 1931.

Mollenkott, Virginia Ramey. The Divine Feminine: The Biblical Imagery of God as Female. New York: Crossroad, 1988. 119 pp. ISBN 0-8245-0669-3

This book summarizes the feminine imagery used of God throughout the Bible (both testaments). In the first chapter, Mollenkott defines the problem as using gender-exclusive language (i.e., referring to God only with male imagery). The second chapter surveys how during previous centuries feminine imagery for God has been used comfortably by Orthodox Christians. The remaining chapters explore the various feminine images used for God.

Morris, Paul and Deborah Sawyer, eds. A Walk in the Garden: Biblical, Iconographical and Literary Images of Eden. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1992.

Nannally-Cox, Janice. Foremothers: Women in the Bible. New York: Seabury Press, 1981.

Newsom, Carol A. and Sharon H. Ringe, eds. The Women's Bible Commentary. London: SPCK; Louisville: Westminster/ John Knox, 1992. 396 pp. ISBN 0-281-04581-X

A one-volume commentary on the entire Bible from a feminist perspective. The contributors are all women who are Ph.Ds, Th.Ds, or Ph.D. candidates, most of whom have professorships at various institutions. Special essays pertaining to the OT (other than those on individual biblical books) include "When Women Interpret the Bible, by Sharon H. Ringe, and "Everyday Life: Women in the Period of the Hebrew Bible," by Carol L Meyers. The approach of the commentary follows the model of the original Woman's Bible pioneered by Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1895. The authors give an introduction to the biblical book in order to orient their readers to it and then comment on passages they think most relevant to women, whether the passage is about a particular woman or deals indirectly with issues that affect women. The introduction (written by the editors) gives a brief history of the feminist movement in biblical studies and offers a rationale for this work.
No notes, but each commentary/essay has a bibliography.

Ockenga, Harold John. Women Who Made Bible History: Messages and Character Sketches Dealing with Familiar Bible Women. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1962. 239 pp.

Deals with women of both testaments. OT women studied are Eve, Sarah, Rachel, Miriam, Rahab, Delilah, Ruth, Hannah, Abigail, Bathsheba, the Shunammite woman, the Queen of Sheba, and Esther. His approach is thorough though no footnoting is done. Maintains a negative perspective toward OT women. For instance, in dealing with Eve, Okenga calls her a "temptress" and suggests that Adam originally resisted the temptation: "Probably Adam resisted this in the beginning, but the influence of Eve wore him down, as the wife of Potiphar prevailed upon him, as the daughter of Timnath prevailed upon Samson and as has happened so often in human history. Adam weighed the consequences well. He knew what it meant. He remembered the time when he was alone and he anticipated a time when the woman would be judged and he would be left alone again, so he made his choice deliberately. He chose the presence of the woman whom he love, with sin, rather than holiness without her." (16) This is only one example of the perspective that prevails in this book.

Olyan, Saul. Asherah and the Cult of Yahweh in Israel. SBL Monograph Series, 34. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1988.

Otwell, John H. And Sarah Laughed: The Status of Women in the Old Testament. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1977. 222 pp. ISBN 0-664-24126-3

General text which studies the status of women in the OT. Considers (chapter headings) the creation of woman; sexual attraction; marriage; woman as mother; the subservience of women; subservience to women; sisters, divorcees, widows; freedom of action; women in the cult; female personifications. Believes that the status of woman in the OT should be evaluated positively: "We must conclude, therefore, that the status of woman in the Old Testament is high. She is given the honor due to one in whom God acts directly and uniquely. She exercised full participation in the life of the community. Because the Old Testament is a God-centered literature, the role of woman is best stated as a doctrine. She was co-worker with God in the creating and sustaining of the people of God. She also participated fully and freely in the common life of that people" (193-94).
The book incudes endnotes, bibliography, and an index of scriptural passages.

Pardes, Ilana. Countertraditions in the Bible: A Feminist Approach. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992.

Patai, R. The Hebrew Goddess. New York: KTAV, 1967.

________. Sex and Family in the Bible and the Middle East. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1959. 282 pp.

Phipps, William E. Genesis and Gender: Biblical Myths of Sexuality and Their Cultural Impact. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1989.

Plaskow, J. and J. A. Romero, eds. Women and Religion. Missoula, MT: Scholars Press, 1974.

Pomeroy, S. B. Goddesses, Whores, Wives and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity. New York: Schocken, 1975.

Price, Eugenia. The Unique World of Women in Bible Times and Now. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1969. 245 pp.

Devotional work which essentially retells biblical accounts of women with the author's musings on the stories. Women in both testaments are studied. The OT women dealt with are Keturah, Deborah, Judith and Bashemath, Dinah, Tamar, Shiphrah and Puah, Zipporah, Deborah, Delilah, Ichabod's mother, Michal, Bathsheba, the Queen of Sheba, and Huldah.

Rashkow, Ilona N. Upon the Dark Places: Anti-Semitism and Sexism in English Renaissance Biblical Translation. Sheffield: Almond Press, 1990.

Reed, E. Woman's Evolution, from Matriarchal Clan to Patriarchal Family. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1975.

Riley, W. B. Wives of the Bible: A Cross-Section of Femininity. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1938.

Ruether, Rosemary Radford, ed. Religion and Sexism: Images of Woman in the Jewish and Christian Traditions. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1974. 356 pp. ISBN 671-27693-9

A collection of essays by various authors focussing on the role of Judaism and Christianity in promoting an anti-woman bias. The essays which are relevant to the OT are "Images of Women in the Old Testament," (41-88) by Phyllis Bird (summarizes the picture of woman found in the OT, noting the wide variety of images throughout OT history) and "Woman: Seductive Siren and Source of Sin?" (89-116) by Bernard P. Prusak (an intriguing survey of the Genesis 3 story and the apocryphal and pseudepigraphal elaborations upon it and how the pseudepigraphal literature influenced NT writers). The book contains a brief section of selected readings and general index.

Russell, Letty M., ed. Feminist Interpretation of the Bible. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1985. 166 pp. ISBN 0-664-24639-7

This book is a collection of essays by women dealing with feminist interpretation of the Bible. Essays that deal specifically with OT material include: "Feminist Uses of Biblical Materials," (55-64) by Katherine Doob Sakenfeld (a brief summary and critique of three methods used by feminist interpreters); "'Mother in Israel': A Familiar Story Reconsidered," (73-85) by J. Cheryl Exum (a study of selected texts from Genesis, Exodus, and Judges dealing with mothers); "Prophets and Pornography: Female Sexual Imagery in Hosea," (86-95) by T. Drorah Setel (a discussion of the objectification of women (pornography) and its relationship to the prophets' use of sexual imagery, specifically in Hosea).
Book has endnotes and a brief listing of additional resources (no bibliography).

Scanzoni, Letha and Nancy Hardesty. All We're Meant to Be: A Biblical Approach to Women's Liberation with Study Guide. Wace, TX: Word Inc., 1975. 255 pp. ISBN 0-87680-897-6

A work advocating the liberation of the Christian woman (meaning that a Christian woman comes to discover her self worth in Christ rather than in a restrictive role). Though it is general in nature, chapters three and four deal with OT material. Chapter three "It All Started with Eve" contains a helpful discussion of the creation narratives and the fall. Chapter four, "Women in the Bible World," summarizes women's social position in the ANE and in ancient Israelite society as well as in the New Testament period.

Seibert, Ilse. Woman in the Ancient Near East. Translated by Marianne Herzfeld. Leipzig: Edition Leipzig, 1974.

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady. The Woman's Bible. Salem: Ayer Company Publisher; reprint, 1988. Originally published by European Publishing Co. New York, 1898.

Starr, L. A. The Bible Status of Women. New York: Revell, 1926.

Swindler, Leonard. Biblical Affirmations of Woman. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1979. 382 pp. ISBN 0-664-24285-5 (pbk version)

A study of attitudes toward women in the Hebrew Bible, NT, and Christian tradition. The book begins with a prologue discussing the role of women in the ancient world. Part One deals with feminine imagery for God in the biblical and post-biblical periods. Part Two, "Woman in Hebrew-Jewish Tradition," considers positive, ambivalent, and negative attitudes toward women in the biblical and post-biblical writings. Part Three, "Woman in Christian Tradition," deals with positive, ambivalent, and negative elements in Christian tradition.
Although Swidler's criteria for evaluation and evaluations themselves can be questioned (see for instance, Bernadette J. Brooten, "Early Christian Women and Their Cultural Context: Issues of Method in Historical Reconstruction" in Feminist Perspectives on Biblical Scholarship, 76), this is a well-organized, resource book. Has a structural index and index of references to writings consulted (biblical, post-biblical).

Terrien, Samuel. Till the Heart Sings: A Biblical Theology of Manhood & Womanhood. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1985. 260 pp. ISBN 0-8006-0752-X

As a "biblical theology" Terrien addresses both the Old and New Testaments. However, the first six chapters are essentially the OT portion of the theology. Chapter 1, "Woman, Crown of Creation" deals with the creation accounts. Terrien argues that woman is the "supreme act of creation" and that the male/female bond takes precedence over the most basic sociological institution (parent/child relationship). Chapter 2, "The Lure of Infinity" studies Genesis 3 and the destruction of sexual mutuality between the humans. Chapter 3, "The Eros-Agape Continuum," contains a brief discussion of human love in the narratives of Genesis, but devotes most of its attention to the Song of Songs. Chapter 4, "The Gender of God," considers the problem of terminology for God. Chapter 5, "Circumcised Male and Pollutant Female," discusses the book of Ezekiel, the act of circumcision, and the Pentateuchal law codes (which for Terrien are all post-exilic), and finally women in ancient and early Judaism. The sixth chapter, "The Play of Wisdom," deals with manhood and womanhood in the context of the wisdom literature.
Book contains endnotes, a substantial bibliography, and indices of passages, subjects, and authors.

Teubal, Savina J. Hagar the Egyptian: The Lost Tradition of the Matriarchs. San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1990.

Toorn, Karel van der. From Her Cradle to Her Grave: The Role of Religion in the Life of the Israelite and the Babylonian Woman. Translated by Sara J. Denning-Bolle. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1994.

Trible, Phyllis. Texts of Terror: Literary-Feminist Readings of Biblical Narratives. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1984. 128 pp. ISBN 0-8006-1537-9

As the title suggests, this is a literary-feminist approach to four stories of tragic women: Hagar, Tamar, the Concubine of Judges 19; and the Daughter of Jephthah. It is a literary approach in that Trible applies rhetorical criticism (reading the text in its final literary form with the view that form, content, and meaning are inseparable). It is a feminist approach in that it tries to offer a sympathetic reading of stories describing abused women.
The book has endnotes at the end of each of the four chapters, and four indices: authors and editors; Hebrew words; Scripture; and Subjects.

Tucker, Ruth A. Women in the Maze: Questions & Answers on Biblical Equality. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1992. 276 pp. ISBN 0-8308-1307-1

Presented in the form of questions and answers, this book deals with both Old and New Testament issues. The first three chapters (parts) deal with OT issues: God the Father, Son and Holy Spirit (a discussion of the questions regarding God's gender); Creation and Fall (dealing with issues of male authority based on the creation accounts); The Old Testament and Jewish Culture (dealing with women's subordinate roles in the OT and their relevance for today). Although the book does not go into a great deal of depth and is written more from a popular perspective, it gives fair, balanced answers to the questions.
Contains endnotes, a brief bibliography, and scripture and subject/name indices.

Vaux, Roland ed. Ancient Israel. New York and Toronto: McGraw-Hill; reprint 1965). 1:24-40 (on the status of women).

Vos, Clarence J. Woman in Old Testament Worship. Delft: Verenigde Drukkerijen Judels & Brinkman, n.d.

Weems, Renita. Just a Sister Away: A Womanist Vision of Women's Relationships in the Bible. San Diego, CA: LuraMedia, 1988.

Williams, James G. Women Recounted: Narrative Thinking and the God of Israel. Sheffield: Almond, 1982. 150 pp. ISBN 0-907459-19-6 (pbk)

A literary approach to various biblical (OT and NT) narrative texts about women. The work has two stated purposes. First, the author hopes to show through literary criticism that "biblical narrative represents a dynamic mode of thinking and formation of knowledge." (15) In order to demonstrate this, the author examines stories about females throughout the Hebrew Scripture, the New Testament, and the Old and New Testament apocryphas. The second purpose is theological in nature. "It is to indicate and clarify the interrelationship of these biblical images of the feminine, the nature of language, and the meaning of the 'God of Israel'" (15). The book is divided into five major sections (chapter titles): On Biblical narrative: Perspective and Method; The Arche-Mother: The Mother of Israel's Beginnings; Other Feminine Figures: The Multifaceted Israelite Feminine; The Symbolic Functions of the Feminine; and The Biblical Feminine and Contemporary Religious Thought.

Williams, Michael E., ed. The Storyteller's Companion to the Bible. Vol. 4, Old Testament Women. Nashville: Abingdon, 1993. 196 pp. ISBN 0-687-39674-3

A series of volumes dedicated to helping pastors and teachers retell biblical stories. This volume is specifically dedicated to stories about women both in the OT and the deutero-canonical books. Background for each story is provided by Sharon Pace Jeansonne (Ph.D. in Hebrew Bible from the University of Notre Dame). In addition to story background, two women, Martha Whitmore Hickman (children's story book author) and Betty Lehrman (professional storyteller) give insights into retelling the biblical story. Offers a creative approach to reading biblical narrative.
The book contains two indices: an index of readings from The Revised Common Lectionary and an index of Midrashim.

Wolff, Hans-Walter. Anthropology of the Old Testament. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1974.

Aitken, Kenneth T. "The Wooing of Rebekah: A Study in the Development of the Tradition." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 30 (1984): 3-23.

Anderson, Bernard W. "Biblical Theology and Sociological Interpretation." Theology Today 42 (1985): 292-306.

Andreasen, Niels-Erik. "The Role of the Queen-Mother in Israelite Society." Catholic Biblical Quarterly 45 (1983): 179-94.

Astour, M. C. "Tamar the Hierodule: An Essay in the Method of Vestigial Motifs." Journal of Biblical Literature 85 (1966): 185-96.

Audet, Jean-Paul. "Love and Marriage in the Old Testament." Scripture 10 (1958): 65-83.

Avigad, N. "The Seal of Jezebel." Israel Exploration Journal 14 (1964): 274-76.

Bailey, J. "Initiation and the Primal Woman in Gilgamesh and Genesis 2-3." Journal of Biblical Literature 89 (1970): 137-50.

Bal, Mieke. "The Rhetoric of Subjectivity." Poetics Today 5 (1984): 337-76.

________. "Sexuality, Sin and Sorrow: The Emergence of the Female Character (A Reading of Genesis 1-3)." Poetics Today 6 (1985): 21-42.

Bass, Dorothy C. "Women's Studies and Biblical Studies: An Historical Perspective." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 22 (1982): 6-12.

Beetson, A. F. L. "One Flesh." Vetus Testamentum 36 (1986): 115-17.

Berlin, Adele. "Characterization in Biblical Narrative: David's Wives." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 23 (1982): 69-85.

Bigger, Stephen F. "The Family Laws of Leviticus 18 in Their Setting." Journal of Biblical Literature 98 (1970): 187-203.

Bird, P. A. "'Male and Female He Created Them': Gen. 1.27b in the Context of the Priestly Account of Creation." Harvard Theological Review 74 (1981): 129-59.

Bird, Phyllis. "The Harlot as Heroine: Narrative Art and Social Presupposition in Three Old Testament Texts." Semeia 46 (1989): 119-40.

Brenner, Athalya. "Female Social Behavior: Two Descriptive Patterns within the 'Birth of the Hero' Paradigm." Vetus Testamentum 36 (1986): 257-73.

________. "Naomi and Ruth." Vetus Testamentum 33 (1983): 385-97.

Breyfolge, C. "The Religious Status of Women in the Old Testament." Biblical World 35 (1910): 405-19.

________. "The Social Status of Women in the Old Testament." Biblical World 35 (1910): 107-16.

Brock, Sebastian. "Genesis 22: Where Was Sarah?" Expository Times 96 (1984): 14-17.

Bronner, Leila Leah. "Gynomorphic Imagery in Exilic Isaiah (40-66)." Dor le Dor 12 (1983/84): 71-83.

Brooks, B. "Fertility Cult Functionaries in the Old Testament." Journal of Biblical Literature 60 (1941): 227-54.

Brueggemann, Walter. "Israel's Social Criticism and Yahweh's Sexuality." Supplement to JAAR 45 (1977): 739-71.

________. "Of the Same Flesh and Bone (Gen. 2:23a)." Catholic Biblical Quarterly 32 (1970): 532-42.

Camp, Claudia V. "Wise and Strange: An Interpretation of the Female Imagery in Proverbs in the Light of Trickster Mythology." Semeia 42 (1988): 14-36.

________. "The Wise Women of 2 Samuel: A Role Model for Women in Early Israel." Catholic Biblical Quarterly 43 (1981): 14-29.

Carmichael, Calum M. "A Ceremonial Crux: Removing a Man's Sandal as a Female Gesture of Contempt." Journal of Biblical Literature 96 (1977): 321-36.

Carroll, Michael P. "Myth, Methodology and Transformation in the Old Testament: The Stories of Esther, Judith, and Susanna." Studies in Religion 12 (1983): 301-12.

Clark, David J. "Sex-related Imagery in the Prophets." The Bible Translator 33 (1982): 409-13.

Collins, Raymond F. "The Bible and Sexuality." Biblical Theology Bulletin 7 (1977): 149-67.

Craghan, John F. "Esther: A Fully Liberated Woman." The Bible Today 24 (1986): 6-11.

________. "Esther, Judith, and Ruth: Paradigms for Human Liberation." Biblical Bulletin 12 (1982): 11-19.

Craigie, P.C. "Deborah and Anat: A Study of Poetic Imagery (Judges 5)." Zeitschrift fur die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 90 (1978): 374-81.

________. "The Song of Deborah and the Epic of Tukulti-Ninurta." JL 87 (1969): 253-65.

Crawley, Joanne. "Faith of Our Mothers: The Dark Night of Sara, Reeka and Rachel." Review for Religious 45 (1986): 531-37.

Crook, Margaret B. "The Marriageable Maiden of Proverbs 31:10-31." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 13 (1954): 137-40.

Darr, Katheryn Pfisterer. "Like Warrior, Like Women: Destruction and Deliverance in Isaiah 42:10-17." Catholic Biblical Quarterly 49 (1978): 560-71.

Davies, Eryl W. "Ruth iv 5 and the Duties of the Go'el." Vetus Testamentum 33 (1983): 231-34.

Donaldson, M. E. "Kinship Theory in the Patriarchal Narratives: The Case of the Barren Wife." JAAR 49 (1981): 77-87.

Emerton, J. A. "Judah and Tamar." Vetus Testamentum 29 (1969): 403-15.

Eskenazi, Tamara Cohn. "Out from the Shadows: Biblical Women in the Postexilic Era (Sixth to Fourth Century BCE)." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament (forthcoming - probably published by now).

Exum, Cheryl. "Assertive 'al in Canticles 1,6?" Biblica 62 (1981): 416-19.

________. "The Mothers of Israel: The Patriarchal Narratives from a Feminist Perspective." Bible Review 2, no. 1 (1986): 60-67.

Fewell, Danna Nolan and David M. Gunn. "Controlling Perspectives: Women, Men, and the Authority of Violence in Judges 4 and 5." JAAR 58 (1990): 101-23.

Fitzgerald, Aloysius. "The Mythological Background for the Presentation of Jerusalem as a Queen and False Worship as Adultery in the OT." Catholic Biblical Quarterly Vol? (1972): 403-16.

Foh, Susan T. "What is the Women's Desire?" Westminster Theological Journal 37 (1974): 376-83.

Follis, Elain R. "The Holy City as Daughter." In Directions in Biblical Poetry, ed. Elaine R. Follis, 173-84. JSOT Supp. Series, no. 40. Sheffield: JSPT Press, 1987.

Fontaine, Carole. "The Bearing of Wisdom on the Shape of 2 Samuel 11-12 and 1 Kings 3." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 34 (1986): 61-77.

Frymer-Kensky, Tikva. "The Strange Case of the Suspected Sotah (Numbers 5:11-31." Vetus Testamentum 34 (1984): 11-26.

Green, B. "The Plot of the Biblical Story of Ruth." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 23 (1982): 55-68.

Greenspahn, Frederick E. "A Typology of Biblical Women." Judaism 32 (1983): 43-50.

Gruber, M. "The Motherhood of God in Second Isaiah." Revue Biblique 90 (1983): 351-59.

Hamill, Thomas. "The Bible and Its Imagination: A Modest Sounding of Its Harlot's Evaluation." Irish Theological Quarterly 52 (1986): 96-108.

Hanson, P. D. "Masculine Metaphors for God and Sex-Discrimination in the Old Testament." Ecumenical Review 27 (1975): 316-24.

Harter, L. B. "The Theme of the Barren Woman in the Patriarchal Narratives." Concern. Nov. 1971, 20-24; Dec. 1971, 18-23.

Higgins, J. M. "The Myth of Eve: The Temptress." JAAR 44 (1976): 639-47.

Hoftijzer, J. "David and the Tekoite Woman." Vetus Testamentum 20 (1970): 419-44.

Holladay, W. "Jeremiah and Women's Liberation." Andover Newton Quarterly 12 (1971-72): 4:213-23.

Hopkins, Ian W. J. "'The Daughters' of Judah Are Really Rural Satellites of an Urban Center." Biblical Archaeology Review 6 (1980): 44-45.

Horowitz, Maryanne C. "The Image of God in Man--Is Woman Included?" Harvard Theological Review 72 (1979): 175-206.

Hull, W. E. "Women in Her Place: Biblical Perspectives." Review and Expositor 72 (1975): 5-17.

Hunt, Harry B., Jr. "Attitudes Toward Divorce in Post-Exilic Judaism." Biblical Illustrator 12 (Summer 1986): 62-65.

Jagendorf, Zvi. "'In the Morning, Behold, It Was Leah': Genesis and the Reversal of Sexual Knowledge." Proof 4 (1984): 187-92.

Johnson, Elizabeth A. "The Incomprehensibility of God and the Image of God Male and Female." Theological Studies 45 (1984): 441-65.

Joines, K. "The Serpent in Gen. 3." Zeitschrift fur die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 87 (1975): 1-11.

Kaiser, Barbara Bakke. "Poet as Female Impersonator: The Image of Daughter Zion as Speaker in Biblical Poems of Suffering." Journal of Religion 67 (1987): 164-82.

Katzenstein, H. J. "Who Were the Parents of Athaliah?" Israel Exploration Journal 5 (1955): 194-97.

Knierim, Rolf. "The Role of the Sexes in the Old Testament." Lexington Theological Quarterly. 10, no. 4 (1975): 2-10.

Kromminga, Carl G. "Remember Lot's Wife: Preaching Old Testament Narrative Texts." Calvin Theological Journal 18 (1983): 32-46.

Landy, F. "The Song of Songs and the Garden of Eden." Journal of Biblical Literature 98 (1979): 513-28.

Lasine, Stuart. "Guest and Host in Judges 19: Lot's Hospitality in an Inverted World." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 29 (1984): 37-59.

Levenson, Jon D. "1 Samuel 25 as Literature and as History." Catholic Biblical Quarterly 40 (1978): 11-28.

Levenson, Jon D. and Baruch Halpern. "The Political Import of David's Marriages." Journal of Biblical Literature 99 (1980): 507-18.

Lindars, Barnabas. "Deborah's Song: Women in the Old Testament." Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 65 (1983): 158-75.

Lipinski, E. "The Wife's Right to Divorce in the Light of Ancient Near Eastern Tradition." Jewish Law Annual 4 (1981): 9-27.

Liptzin, Sol. "Rahab of Jericho." Dor le Dor 9 (1981): 111-19.

McCreesh, T. P. "Wisdom as Wife: Proverbs 31:10-31." Revue Biblique 92 (1985): 25-46.

McKeating, Henry. "A Response to Dr. Phillips." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 20 (1981): 25-26 (see Anthony Phillips, "Another Look at Adultery" Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 20 (1981): 3-25.

________. "Sanctions Against Adultery in Ancient Israelite Society, with Some Reflections on Methodology in the Study of Old Testament Ethics." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 11 (1979): 57-72.

Meijer, Alexander and Amos Meijer. "Matriarchal Influence in the Bible." Dor le Dor 13 (1984/85): 81-87, 97.

Meyers, Carol. "Procreation, Production, and Protection." JAAR 51 (1983).

________. "The Roots of Restriction: Women in Early Israel." Biblical Archaeologist 41 (1978): 91-103.

Milgrom. Jacob. "The Betrothed Salve-girl, Lev 19:20-22." Zeitschrift fur die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 89 (1977): 43-50.

________. "On the Suspected Adultress (Num 5:11-31)." Vetus Testamentum 35 (1985): 368-69.

Miller, John W. "Depatriarchalizing God in Biblical Interpretation: A Critique." Catholic Biblical Quarterly 48 (1986): 609-16.

Mosca, Paul G. "Who Seduced Whom? A Note on Joshua 15:18//Judges 1:14." Catholic Biblical Quarterly 46 (1984): 18-22.

Niditch, Susan. "The 'Sodomite' Theme in Judges 19-20: Family, Community, and Social Disintegration." Catholic Biblical Quarterly 44 (1982): 365-78.

________. "The Wronged Woman Righted: An Analysis of Genesis 38." Harvard Theological Review 72 (1979): 31-53.

Patterson, R. "The Widow, the Orphan, and the Poor in the Old Testament and the Extra-Biblical Literature." Bibliottheca Sacra 130 (1973): 226ff.

Peritz, Ismar J. "Women in the Ancient Hebrew Cult." Journal of Biblical Literature 17 (1898): 111-48.

Phillips, Anthony. "Another Look at Adultery." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 20 (1981): 3-25.

________. "Some Aspects of Family Law in Pre-Exilic Israel." Vetus Testamentum 23, fasc. 3 (1973): 349-61.

Phipps, W. "Adam's Rib: Bones of Contention." Theology Today 33 (1976): 263-73.

Polzin, Robert. "The 'Ancestress of Israel in Danger' in Danger." Semeia 3 (1975): 81-98.

Porter, Jean. "The Feminization of God: Second Thoughts on the Ethical Implications of Process Theology." Saint Luke's Theological Journal 29 (1986): 251-60.

Ramsey, George W. "Is Name-Giving an Act of Domination in Genesis 2:23 and Elsewhere?" Catholic Biblical Quarterly 50 (1988): 24-35.

Rapp, Rayna. "Women, Religion, and Archaic Civilizations: An Introduction." Feminist Studies 4 (1978): 1-6.

Rendsburg, Gary A. "Notes on Genesis xxxv." Vetus Testamentum 34 (1984): 361-66.

Rice, Gene. "A Neglected Interpretation of the Emmanuel Prophecy." Zeitschrift fur die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 90 (1978): 220-27.

Sakenfeld, K. "The Bible and Women: Bane or Blessing?" Theology Today 32 (1975): 222-33.

Sakenfeld, Katharine Doob. "In the Wilderness, Awaiting the Land: The Daughters of Zelophehad and Feminist Interpretation." Theology Today 46 (1989): 145-68.

Schierling, Marla J. "Primeval Woman: A Yahwistic View of Woman in Genesis 1-11:19." Journal of Theology for Southern Africa 42 (1983): 5-9.

Schmitt, John J. "The Motherhood of God and Zion as Mother." Revue Biblique 92 (1985): 557-69.

Schungel-Straumann, Helen. "Tamar." Bibel und Kirche 39 (1984): 148-57.

Sharp, Donald. "In Defense of Rebecca?" Biblical Theology Bulletin 10 (1980): 164-68.

Steinberg, Naomi. "Gender Roles in the Rebekah Cycle." Union Seminary Quarterly Review 39 (1984): 175-88.

Swidler, Arlene. "In Search of Huldah." The Bible Today 98 (Nov. 1978): 1780-85.

Taylor, J. G. "The Song of Deborah and Two Canaanite Goddesses." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 23 (1982): 99-108.

Terrien, Samuel. "Toward a Biblical Theology of Womanhood." Religion in Life 42 (1973): 332-33.

Thompson, Michael E. W. "Isaiah's Sign of Immanuel." Expository Times 95 (1983): 67-71.

Tosato, Angelo. "The Law of Leviticus 18:18: A Reexamination." Catholic Biblical Quarterly 46 (1984): 199-214.

Trible, Phyllis. "Bringing Miriam Out of the Shadows." Bible Review 5, no. 1 (February 1989): 13-25, 34.

________. "Depatriarchalizing in Biblical Interpretation." Journal of the American Academy of Religion 41 (1973): 30-47.

________. "Two Women in a Man's World: A Reading of the Book of Ruth." Soundings 49 (1976): 251-79.

Turner, Mary Donovan. "Rebekah: Ancestor of Faith." Lutheran Theological Journal 20 (1985): 42-49.

Van Seters, J. "The Problem of Childlessness in Near Eastern Law and the Patriarchs of Israel." Journal of Biblical Literature 87 (1968): 401-8.

Vogels, W. "'It Is Not Good That the 'Mensch' Should Be Alone; I Will Make Him/ Her a Helper Fit for Him/Her.'" Eglise et Theologie 9 (1978): 9-35.

Walsh, J. T. "Gen. 2:46-3:24: A Synchronic Approach." Journal of Biblical Literature 96 (1977): 161-77.

Wander, Nathaniel. "Structure, Contradiction, and 'Resolution' in Mythology: Father's Brother's Daughter Marriage and the Treatment of Women in Gen 11:50." Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of Columbia University 13 (1981): 75-99.

Weems, Renita J. "Gomer: Victim of Violence or Victim of Metaphor." Semeia 47 (1989): 87-104.

Wenham, G. J. "Leviticus 27:2-8 and the Price of the Slave." Zeitschrift fur die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 90 (1978): 264-65.

________. "The Restoration of Marriage Reconsidered." Journal of Jewish Studies 30 (1979): 36-40.

________. "Why Does Sexual Intercourse Defile (Lev 15:18)?" Zeitschrift fur die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 95 (1983): 432-34.

. Wilkinson, Elizabeth. "The hapax legomenon of Judges iv 18." Vetus Testamentum 33 (1983): 512-13.

Williams, J. "Yahweh, Women, and the Trinity." Theology Today 32 (1975): 234-42.

Williams, James G. "The Beautiful and the Barren: Conventions in Biblical Type-Scenes." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 17 (1980):107-19.

Zabriskie, C. "A Psychological Analysis of Biblical Interpretations Pertaining to Women." Journal of Psychology and Theology 4 (1976): 304-12.

Zarovitch, Yair. "The Woman's Rights in the Biblical Law of Divorce." Jewish Law Annual 4 (1981): 28-46.

Ziderman, I. Irving. "Rebecca's Encounter with Abraham's Servant." Dor le Dor 14 (1985/86): 124-25.

Allen, Christine Garside. "Who Was Rebekah? 'On Me Be the Curse, My Son'." In Beyond Androcentrism--New Essays on Women and Religion, ed. Rita M. Gross, 183-216. Missoula, MT: Scholars Press, 1977.

Bird, Phyllis. "The Place of Women in the Israelite Cultus." In Ancient Israelite Religion: Essays in Honor of Frank Moore Cross, ed. Patrick D. Miller, Jr., Paul D. Hanson, and S. Dean McBride, 397-419. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1987.

Callaway, Mary C., Cheryl Exum, Marianne Mick, Mary Wakeman, and Martha Wilson. "Images of Woman in the Bible." In The Bible Liberarion: A "Radical Religion" Reader, ed. Norman Gottwald (?), 137-44. Berkeley, CA: The Community for Religious Research and Education, 1976.

Campbell, E. F. "The Hebrew Short Story: A Study of Ruth." In A Light unto My Path: Old Testament Studies in Honor of J. M. Myers, ed H. N. Bream et al, 83-101. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1974.

Chodorow, Nancy. "Family Structure and Feminine Personality." In Woman, Culture and Society, ed. Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo and Louise Lamphere, 43-66. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974.

Clines, David J. A. "Reading Esther from Left to Right: Contemporary Strategites for Reading a Biblical Text." In The Bible in Three Dimensions, ed. David J. A. Clines, Stephen E. Fowl and Stanley E. Porter, 31-52. JSOT Supplement Series, no. 87. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1990.

An essay which reads the book of Esther from various viewpoints: structuralist, feminist, materialist, and deconstructionist. Reader response approach.

________. "What Does Eve Do To Help? And Other Irredeemably Androcentric Orientations in Genesis 1-3." Chap. in What Does Eve Do To Help? And Other Readerly Questions to the Old Testament, 25-48. JSOT Supplement Series, no. 94. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1990; reprint 1994.

In an essay based on reader response criticism, Clines disputes feminist conclusions regarding Genesis 1-3, particularly the conclusions of Phyllis Trible.

Conzelmann, Hans. "The Mother of Wisdom." In The Future of Our Religious Past, ed. James Robinson; trans. Charles Carlson and Robert Scharlemann, 230-43. New York: Harper & Row, 1971.

Crossan, John Dominic. "'Ruth Amid the Alien Corn': Perspectives and Methods in Contemporary Biblical Criticism." In The Biblical Mosaic: Changing Perspectives, ed. Robert Polzin and E. Rothman, 199-210. Semeia Studies. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1982.

Delcor, M. "The Cult of the 'Queen of Heaven' According to Jeremiah 7:18; 44:17-19, 25 and Later Developments." In Von Kanaan bis Kerala. Festschrift fur Prof. Mag. Dr. Dr. J. P. M. van der Ploeg O. P. zur Vollendung des siebzigsten Lebensjahres am 4. Juli 1979, ed. W. C. Delsman et al. AOAT 211. Kevelaer: Butzon & Bercker, 1982.

Exum, Cheryl. "'You Shall Let Every Daughter Live': A Study of Exodus 1:8-2:10." In "The Bible and Feminist Hermeneutics.", ed. Mary Ann Tolbert Semeia 28 (1983): 69.

Fiorenza, Elisabeth Schussler. "Interpreting Patriarchal Traditions." In The Liberating Word: A Guide to Nonsexist Interpretation of the Bible, ed. Letty M. Russell, 39-61. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1976.

Essay discusses texts both in the OT and NT that Fiorenza describes as patriarchal and androcentric (male centered). Then five suggestions are made for interpreting such texts: 1. Evaluate historical texts in their own historical context, in the own language and form. 2. Be aware that the feminist perspective on a patriarchal text might "unearth traces of a genuine 'her-story' of women in the Bible" (60). 3. In order to balance the patriarchal point of view found in androcentric texts, the stories should be retold from a woman's viewpoint. 4. Because patriarchal texts have been exegeted and interpreted by male interpreters for many years, before adopting these standard interpretations exegetes should use the feminist perspective to evaluate them for bias. 5. Look for texts which "transcend and criticize their patriarchal culture" (60-61) and use them to reinterpret purely patriarchal texts.

Fuchs, Esther. "The Literary Characterization of Mothers and Sexual Politics in the Hebrew Bible." In Feminist Perspectives on Biblical Scholarship, ed. Adela Yarbro Collins, 117-36. Biblical Scholarship in North America, ed. Kent Harold Richards. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1985.

In this essay, Fuchs attempts to study the mother figure as characterized by patriarchal ideology. She believes that just as the Bible has a monotheistic didactic emphasis, so it has a patriarchal didactic thrust. She examines several "annunciation type-scenes" (an annunciation type scene contains three components: "the initial barrenness of the wife, a divine promise of future conception, and the birth of a son" [119]), and compares the mother and father figures and the power structures within which they relate. She argues that characterizations of women in the OT were heavily influenced by the patriarchal culture. Although female characters are viewed as role models, they "are mostly evaluated in terms of their relations with men" whereas the male characters are evaluated in terms of their relationship with Yahweh. (119). She considers in her study Sarai, Rebekah, Rachel, Manoah's wife, Hannah, and the Shunammite woman (2 Kings 4). Fuchs concludes that while these narratives have women as the central focus of the narrative, they are characterized only in relationship to the males in the story. As such, their characterization is limited in development.

________. "Who Is Hiding the Truth? Deceptive Women and Biblical Androcentrism." In Feminist Perspectives on Biblical Scholarship, ed. Adela Yarbro Collins, 137-44. Biblical Scholarship in North America, ed. Kent Harold Richards. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1985.

In this essay exploring power-structured relationships between men and women in the Hebrew Bible, Fuchs explores the "presentation of women as characters who hide the truth." She considers the deceptive acts of the following women: Rebekah; Potiphar's wife; Rachel; Achsah (Joshua 15); and Lot's daughters. According to Fuchs, when women deceive, the motivation is usually fear and lack of power, though the biblical text does not mention female motivation as it does when men deceive for the same reasons. In this light, Fuchs makes an intriguing comparison of Jezebel's deception of Naboth and David's deception of Uriah. Some deceptive women are praised if they aid Israel in defeat of enemies (Rahab, Jael); or when the result is the promotion of a man (Tamar, Ruth).

Furman, Nelly. "His Story Versus Her Story: Male Genealogy and Female Strategy in the Jacob Cycle." In Feminist Perspectives on Biblical Scholarship, ed. Adela Yarbro Collins, 107-16. Biblical Scholarship in North America, ed. Kent Harold Richards. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1985.

Viewing garments in the Jacob/Joseph cycle as elements of symbol, Furman argues that for men garments symbolized filial relationships between men (Jacob wearing Esau's garment, Jacob giving Joseph the special coat). However, for the female characters, garments are used to interrupt the exclusively male domination over genealogy and progeny. Tamar seduces Judah by wearing a harlot's garment, Potiphar's wife accuses Joseph with his own garment, Rebekah dresses Jacob in Esau's garment. Thus, the women in the stories have a role in establishing genealogy--an area which is usually seen as exclusively male.

Gordis, R. "Love, Marriage, and Business in the Book of Ruth." In A Light unto My Path: Old Testament Studies in Honor of J. M. Myers, ed. H. N. Bream et al, 241-64. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1974.

Hackett, Jo Ann. "In the Days of Jael: Reclaiming the History of Women in Ancient Israel." In Immaculate and Powerful: The Female in Sacred Image and Social Reality, ed. Clarissa W. Atkinson, Constance H. Buchanan, and Margaret R. Miles, 15-38. Harvard Women's Studies in Religion Series. Boston: Beacon Press, 1985.

Jay, Nancy. "Sacrifice as Remedy for Having Been Born of Woman." In Immaculate and Powerful: The Female in Sacred Image and Social Reality, ed. Clarissa W. Atkinson, Constance H. Buchanan, and Margaret R. Miles, 283-309. Harvard Women's Studies in Religion Series. Boston: Beacon Press, 1985.

Lanser, Susan S. "(Feminist) Criticism in the Garden: Inferring Genesis 2-3." In Speech Act Theory and Biblical Criticism, ed. Hugh C. White, 67-84. Decatur, GA: Scholars Press, 1988.

Meyers, Carol. "Gender Roles and Genesis 3:16 Revisited." In The World of the Lord Shall Go Forth, ed. C. L. Myers and M. O'Connor, 337-54. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1983.

________. "'To Her Mother's House'--Considering a Counterpart to the Israelite Bet 'Ab." In The Bible and the Politics of Exegesis, ed. David Jobling, Peggy L. Day, and Gerald T. Shepherd, 39-51, 304-307. New York: Pilgrim, 1991.

Nickelsburg, George W., and Michael E. Stone. "Lady Wisdom and Israel." In Faith and Piety in Early Judaism: Texts and Documents. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1983.

Speiser, E. "The Wife-Sister Motif in the Patriarchal Narratives." In Biblical and Other Studies, ed. A. Altmann, 15-28. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963.

Trible, Phyllis. "Genesis 22: The Sacrifice of Sarah." In Not in Heaven: Coherence and Complexity in Biblical Narrative, ed. Jason P. Rosenblatt and Joseph C. Sitterson, Jr. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1991.

Wright, George Ernest. "Women and Masculine Theological Vocabulary in the OT." In Grace upon Grace: Essays in Honor of Lester J. Kuyper, ed. James I. Cook, 64-69. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1975.

This essay addresses the problem of descriptive language for God. First, Wright describes the problem of imaging God at all--how the OT consistently condemns creating images for God. The same is true for verbal images. He then discusses how the creation accounts are pervaded with sexuality, but human sexuality in no way defines God even in the accounts. He notes that the use of male language for God is dominant, but unavoidable given the culture out of which the Bible originated. Because of the threat of fertility cults with their gods and goddesses, it was too dangerous to use overtly female language for God. Thus, because there is no neuter in Hebrew, the male language predominated.

Bird, Phyllis. "Women (OT)." In Anchor Bible Dictionary, ed. David Noel Freedman. New York: Doubleday, 1992.

Harris, Rivkah. "Women in the Ancient Near East." In Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, Supp. Vol., ed. Keith Crim. Nashville: Abingdon, 1962.

Pressler, Carolyn Jo. "The View of Women Found in the Deuteronomic Family Laws." Doctoral Thesis, Princeton Theological Seminary, 1991.