Lesson XX

Verbals: Present, Active

Middle/Passive

Participle

There are two verbals in Greek: (1) the infinitive -- a verbal-substantive and (2) the participle -- a verbal-adjective. Verbals partake of the qualities of a verb and of an adjective.

Every participle will have the verbal characteristic of tense and voice. In addition, a participle may be followed by a direct object or a predicate complement. Finally, it may function as a verbal modifier.

The adjectival characteristics of a participle are: it will have case, gender, and number. In addition, it may function as a substantive modifier. Thus:

1. A participle will have tense, voice, case, gender and number.
2. A participle may take a direct object or be followed by a predicate complement.
3. A participle will function either as a verbal modifier or as a substantival modifier.

130 a. Parsing

When parsing a participle list: tense, voice, participle, case, gender, number, and lexical form.

The masculine and neuter forms follow the third declension, liquid-mute consonant stem pattern (87.). The feminine forms follow the first declension s( ll( z( x( y stem pattern (21.).

Singular

- wn	ousa	on
- ontoj	ou,shj	ontoj
- onti	ou,sh|	onti
- onta	ousan	on

Plural

131a. Present, Active, Participle - lu,w

lu,wn	lu,ousa	lu/on
lu,ontoj	luou,shj	lu,ontoj
lu,onti	luou,sh|	lu,onti
lu,onta	lu,ousan	lu,on




131b. Present, Active, Participle - khru,ssw

khru,sswn (3)	khru,ssousa	khru/sson
khru,ssontoj	khrussou,shj	khru,ssontoj
khru,ssonti	khrussou,sh|	khru,ssonti
khru,ssonta	khru,ssousan	khru/sson





khru,ssontej khru,ssousai khru,ssonta

khrusso,ntwn khrussousw/n khrusso,ntwn

khru,ssousi khrussou,saij khru,ssousi

khru,ssontaj khrussou,saj khru,ssonta

As in the indicative and the infinitive, the middle/passive inflections of the participle are identical. The present, middle/passive, participle follows a first and second declension pattern.

Singular

Plural

&o,menoi	&o,menai	- o,mena
&ome,nwn	&ome,nwn	&ome,nwn
&ome,noij	&ome,naij	&ome,noij
&ome,nouj	&ome,naj	&o,mena

132a. Present, Middle/Passive, Participle - lu,w

luo,menoj	luome,nh	luo,menon
luome,nou	luome,nhj	luome,nou
luome,nw|	luome,nh|	luome,nw|
luo,menon	luome,nhn	luo,menon





luo,menoi	luo,menai	luo,mena
luome,nwn	luome,nwn	luome,nwn
luome,noij	luome,naij	luome,noij
luome,nouj	luome,naj	luo,mena





132b. Present, Deponent, Participle - poreu,omai

poreuo,menoj poreuome,nh poreuo,menon

poreuome,nou poreuome,nhj poreuome,nou

poreuome,nw| poreuome,nh| poreuome,nw|

poreuo,menon poreuome,nhn poreuo,menon





poreuo,menoi poreuo,menai poreuo,mena

poreuome,nwn poreuome,nwn poreuome,nwn

poreuome,noij poreuome,naij poreuome,noij

poreuome,nouj poreuome,naj poreuo,mena

w=;	ou=sa	o;n
on;toj	ou;shj	o;ntoj
o;nti	ou;sh|	o;nti
o;nta	ou=san	o;

Plural

• Functions of the Participle

I. Adjectival Functions

A. In an attributive construction

1. Articular participle ⁽⁴⁾
2. Modifies an expressed substantive
3. Agrees with the word it modifies in case, gender, and number
4. Translated as a relative clause. The clause will be introduced by a relative pronoun: who, which or that. Who is usually used with persons; which with things; and that with persons or things.
5. Illustration:

I see the prophet who is preaching (who preaches) the word.

B. In a predicative construction

1. Anathrous participle
2. Modifies an expressed substantive
3. Agrees with the word it modifies in case, gender, and number
4. Translated as a clause which tells some circumstance about the substantive which it modifies. It may be temporal, modal, causal, concessive, etc. A number of different subordinate conjunctions may be supplied to introduce a circumstantial clause in the English translation. For example: as, while, when, after (temporal); by, as (modal); because, since (causal); although (concessive). These are only suggestive. The context must determine the particular circumstance intended.
5. Illustration ⁽⁵⁾

ble,pw to.n profh,thn khru,ssonta to.n lo,gon)

I see the prophet while (as) he is preaching (preaches) the word.

1. Articular participle
2. Stands in the place of an understood noun
3. Agrees with the noun for which it stands in case, gender, and number
4. Translated as a relative clause
5. Illustration:

ble,pw to.n khru,ssonta to.n lo,gon

I see the one (man, person) who is preaching (preaches) the word.

II. Adverbial Functions

A . As a verb modifier
1. Anarthrous participle
2. Modifies a verb
3. Agrees in case, gender, and number with the expressed or unexpressed subject of the verb it modifies
4. Translated as a clause telling some circumstance about the verb which it modifies. It is translated like the predicative construction under the adjectival functions. The difference between the two is in the part of speech which each modifies. The adjectival construction modifies a substantive. The adverbial construction modifies a verb.
5. Illustration:

khru,sswn to.n lo,gon ble,pw to.n profh,thn)

While I ⁽⁶⁾ am preaching the word I see the prophet.

B. Genitive absolute

1. Anarthrous participle in the genitive case plus a noun (frequently articular) or pronoun in the genitive case.
2. Participle has no direct grammatical relationship to the rest of the sentence.
3. Noun or pronoun going with the participle is different from the subject of the sentence.
4. Translated as a dependent clause with the noun or pronoun serving as its subject and the participle as its finite verb. This clause is loosely related to the rest of the sentence as an adverbial clause.
5. Illustration:

khru,ssontoj tou/ kuri,ou to.n lo,gon bl.e,pw to.n profh,thn)

While the lord is preaching the word I see the prophet.

khru,ssontoj sou/ to.n lo,gon ble,pw to.n profh,thn)

While you are preaching the word I see the prophet.

C. Complementary participle
1. Anarthrous participle
2. Modifies the verb
3. Agrees in case, gender, and number with either the subject or object of the verb
4. Frequently found with avpokri,nomai and verbs of saying or speaking
5. Illustration:

avpokrino,menoj o` vIhsou/j ei=pen -- Answering Jesus said

avkou,w se. le,gonta -- I hear you speaking

As a verbal, the tense of the participle emphasizes the kind of action more than the time of the action. The present tense of the participle indicates continuing action and the aorist tense complete action. The time of the action of the participle depends upon the relationship of its tense to the tense of its verb. This lesson will consider only the present tense of the participle.

135a. Relation of the Present Tense of the Participle to the Tense of its Verb

Tense of the Verb	Tense of the Participle	Translation of the Participle
Present	Present	1. Continuous action 2. At the same time as the verb, i.e. as a present tense

Illustration:

khru,sswn to.n lo,gon o` ku,rioj bapti,zei tou.j a`martwlou.j tou.j pisteu,ontaj ivn auvtw/|)

While (As) he is preaching the word the lord is baptizing the sinners who are believing in him.





* * * * * * * * * * * * *

Tense of the Verb	Tense of the Participle	Translation of the Participle
Imperfect	Present	1. Continuous action 2. At the same time as the verb, i.e. as a present tense

Illustration:

khru,sswn to.n lo,gon o` ku,rioj evba,ptize tou.j a`martwlou.j tou.j pisteu,ontaj evn auvtw/|)

While (As) he was preaching the word the lord was baptizing the sinners who were believing in him.





* * * * * * * * * * * * *

Tense of the Verb	Tense of the Participle	Translation of the Participle
Aorist	Present	1. Continuous action 2. At the same time as the verb, i.e. as a present tense

Illustration:

khru,sswn to.n lo,gon o` ku,rioj evba,ptise tou.j a`martwlou.j tou.j pisteu,ontaj evn auvtw/|)

While (As) he was preaching the word the lord baptized the sinners who were believing in him.



• Vocabulary

evggi,zw - I draw near, am at hand

evpiginw,skw - I know, understand

qauma,zw - I marvel, wonder

lu,w - I loose, destroy

evpiqumi,a( - aj( h` - desire; lust

qu,ra( - aj( h` - door

mnhmei/on( - ou( to, - memorial, remembrance

pro,baton( - ou( to, - sheep

a;xioj( avxi,a( a;xion - ( c . gen.) - worthy, befitting

deu,teroj( deute,ra( deu,teron - second [Deuteronomy]

kaino,j( kainh,( kaino,n - new

o[moioj( o`moi,a( o[moion - ( c . dat.) - similar, like

evkei/ - (adverb) - there

mh, - (negative adverb used primarily with moods other than the indicative -- it is also used with verbals) - not

pw/j - (interrogative adverb) - how

• Assignment

1. ouvdei.j ga.r o` mh. e;cwn avga,phn du,natai eivselqei/n eivj th.n basilei,an tou/ ouvranou/ h' labei/n th.n auvth/j ca,rin)
2. evk tw/n evqnw/n tine.j h;qelon avpe,rcesqai avp v avlhqei,aj dia. to.n o;clon kaqw.j evkei/noi oi` mh. evpiginw,skontej ta.j evntola.j peri. th/j pi,stewj)
3. evgw. ou=n evlh,luqa evn tw/| ovno,mati kai. tou/ patro.j kai. tou/ ui`ou/ auvtou/ avll v auvtoi. ouvk evpisteu,sate evme. le,gonta peri. tw/n ouvranw/n th/j te gh/j)
4. ou-toi, eivsin oi` avgaphtoi. tou/ qeou/ oi] eivj th.n po,lin avpesta,lhsan u`po. tou/ kuri,ou auvtou/ kai. ei=pon ti,na h;kousan par v auvtou/)
5. oi;damen de. o[ti u`mei/j genh,sesqe w`j a;nqrwpoi oi` avpoqnh,skontej evpi. cristw/| vIhsou/ kai. evleu,sesqe pro.j auvto.n kata. to. tou/ qeou/ qe,lhma)
6. grafome,nwn tw/n no,mwn evn tai/j kardi,aij tw/n pistw/n maqhtw/n o` qeo.j evporeu,sato eivj to.n ko,smon evn sw,mati o`moi,w| tw/| ui`w/| avnqrw,pou kai. h;ggise pro.j a`martwlou,j)
7. le,gontej w`j o` path.r a[gioj oi` profh/tai avpekri,nanto tai/j gunaixi. tai/j ou;saij avgaqai/j)
8. qauma,zw ou=n o[ti ou[twj evxh/lqon evk tou/ lo,gou tou/ kuri,ou kai. e;labon evkei,naj ta.j evpiqumi,aj th/j sarko.j ai] lu,sousin to. o;noma auvtw/n)
9. hvqe,lomen gnw/nai ti,na e;rga evsti.n a;xia th/j do,xhj tou/ cristou/ kai. avnoi,xei ta.j qu,raj tw/n ouvranw/n o[ti evpisteu,omen w`j vIhsou/j ku,rioj)
10. ei=do,n tinej oi] h=san meta. tw/n avdelfw/n sou tou.j loipou.j avgge,louj kai. auvtoi/j u`pe.r tau,thj th/j kainh/j pi,stewj ei=pon)
11. lego,ntwn ga.r tw/n avndrw/n evkei,nwn vIhsou/j ei=pen w`j e;scen a;lla pro,bata ouvdei.j de. eu`rh,sei auvta. h' dunh,setai ai;rein evk tw/n ceirw/n auvtou/)
12. met v evkei,naj ta.j h`me,raj ta. pneu,mata avnqrw,pwn evkri,neto kata. to.n karpo.n auvtw/n dia. tw/n auvtw/n maqhtw/n oi] ei=don cristo,n)
13. pw/j ai` gunai/kej ai` pempo,menai avpo. tou/ oi;kou evn tw/| pneu,mati tw/| a`gi,w| gnw,sontai o[ti tou/to genh,setai mnhmei/on evpi. toi/j nekroi/j*
14. evpi. o[lh| th/| gh/| ou;k evstin deu,teroj qeo.j u`mei/j de. oi;date ti,j evsti kai. avkhko,ate tw/n lo,gwn auvtou/ avlla. memenh,kate evkei/ evn tai/j a`marti,aij e`autw/n)
15. kai. nu/n to. o;noma, mou evxeleu,setai evpi. th/| gh/| kai. u`mei/j gnw,sesqe ti, to. qe,lhma tou/ qeou/ evsti,n)

1. If the genitive, feminine, plural form spells like the genitive, masculine, plural form, accent the feminine like the masculine. If it does not, accent the feminine like a first declension noun.

2. To compensate for the loss of both the n and the t when followed by s , the preceding vowel o is lengthened to ou (87.). The same lengthening occurs in the dative, neuter, plural form.

3. The nominative, masculine, singular is the lexical form for purposes of accenting. The accent will not recede beyond this vowel or diphthong.

4. An attributive participle is usually written in a "long" construction i.e. to.n profh,thn to.n khru,ssonta) It may, however, be written to.n khru,ssonta profh,thn)

5. For the sake of convenience a temporal translation will be used in the illustration.

6. The subject of the adverbial clause is the same as the subject of the finite verb.